primary skin lesion.
1.斑（Macule）：皮膚顏色改變，界限分明，未突起之平面，通常小於1公分，如雀斑、瘀斑。2.斑塊（Patch）：如上述之病變，但大於1公分之病變，如白斑病（Vitiligo）。
3.丘疹（Papule）：平坦突起，可觸摸得到之病變，但皮表未破損，通常小於0.5公分，如痣。
4.丘斑（Plaque）：比丘疹大之平坦突起，常由丘疹合併而成。
5.結節（Nodule）：突起之硬結，0.5-2公分。
6.腫瘤（Tumor）：突起之硬結大於２公分。
7.風疹塊（Wheal）：不規則之平坦突起，如蚊叮後之突起、蕁麻疹之突起。
8.小水泡（Vesicle）：小於0.5-2公分的皮膚突起，其界限分明且包含漿液，如單純性泡疹（Herpes Simplex）
9.水泡（Bulla）：大於2公分以上之皮膚突起，界限分明且包含漿液，如二度燒傷時的水泡。
10.膿泡（Pustule）：包含膿汁的皮膚突起，如粉刺（Acne）、膿泡疹（Impetigo）。
secondary skin lesion
1.糜爛（Erosion）：表皮缺失之潮濕表面，但無出血現象，癒合後無疤痕
2.潰瘍（Ulcer）：皮膚表面及較深組織缺失，會出血，癒合後結疤。
3.裂隙（Fissure）：皮膚上線狀裂縫，面小但是可能深。
1.痂皮（Crust）：血清、膿汁和血液的乾燥物。
2.鱗屑（Crust）：表皮乾燥脫落的薄片。如頭皮屑、牛皮癬。
3.苔癬化（Lichenification）：皮膚變厚、變粗、皮膚上的紋理十分明顯，甘變異性皮膚炎。
4.萎縮（Atrophy）：皮膚變薄，紋理不明、皮表顯得發亮。如動脈供給不良之皮膚。
5.疤痕（Scar）：癒傷後修補傷口的纖維組織，常比正常皮膚色澤淺，且沒有紋理。
6.疤痕疣（Keloid）：增生之疤痕組織，常凸起皮表且呈樹突狀分枝。
Pathology on line/ Skin nontumor > Common terms
Definition / general
Acantholysis: loss of intercellular connections (desmosomes) between keratinocytes; occurs in pemphigus vulgaris and related disorders; causes change in cell shape from polygonal to round
Acanthosis: thickening of epidermis (squamous layer); rete ridges usually extend deeper into dermis
Atrophy: thinning of epidermis, associated with age or disease
Basophilic degeneration: age and sunlight related changes of collagen and elastic fibers
Blister 水泡: vesicle or bullae
Bullae 大水泡/大皰 : fluid filled area > 5 mm; either intraepidermal or subepidermal; intraepidermal bullae are due to spongiosis or acantholysis; subepidermal bullae are due to extensive papillary dermal edema
Calcinosis 鈣沉積: deposit of calcium
Colloid bodies膠體 : also called Civatte bodies; apoptotic keratinocytes, are oval / round, immediately above or below epidermal basement membrane
Comedo 毛囊漏斗擴張 : hair follicle infundibulum is dilated and plugged with keratin and lipids
Cyst: encapsulated cavity or sac lined by true epithelium
Dyskeratosis 角化異常 : abnormal, premature keratinization of keratinocytes below granular cell layer; often have brightly eosinophilic cytoplasm
Epidermolysis 表皮分解 : alteration of granular layer with perinuclear clear spaces, swollen and irregular keratohyalin granules, increased thickness of granular layer; different from acantholysis
Epidermotropism: atypical lymphocytes present in epidermis (seen in cutaneous T cell lymphoma)
Erosion: discontinuity of skin causing partial loss of epidermis (compare to ulceration)
Excoriation: deep linear scratch, often self-induced
Exocytosis: normal appearing lymphocytes in epidermis (spongiotic dermatitis)
Horn: conical mass of cornifed cells
Hydropic (liquefactive) degeneration: basal cells become vacuolated, separated and disorganized
Hyperkeratosis: thickened cornified layer, often with prominent granular layer; keratin may be abnormal; either orthokeratotic (hyperkeratosis is exaggeration of normal pattern of keratinization with no nuclei in cornified layer) or parakeratotic (hyperkeratosis has retained nuclei in cornified layer)
Lentiginous: linear pattern of melanocytic proliferation within epidermal basal cell layer
Leukocytoclasis: karyorrhexis and destruction of neutrophils; occurs with neutrophilic vasculitis (also called leukocytoclastic vasculitis)
Lichenification: thick, rough skin with prominent skin markings usually due to repeated rubbing
Lichenoid interface change: destruction of basal keratinocytes, causing remodeling of basement membrane zone; also bandlike lymphocytic infiltrate
Macule: circumscribed flat colored area of any size
Nodule: solid, deeply extending lesion > 5 mm
Oncholysis: loss of integrity of nail substance
Papillomatosis: outward overgrowth of epidermis with elongation of dermal papillae
Papule: elevated and solid area, 5 mm or less
Parakeratosis: cells of cornified layer retain their nuclei, often less prominent or absent granular layer; normal for mucous membranes
Patch: flat discoloration > 5 mm
Papule: solid elevated lesion < 5 mm
Plaque: elevated flat topped area, usually > 5 mm
Poikiloderma: combination of atrophy, telangiectasia and pigmentary changes
Purpura: extravasation of red blood cells into the skin or mucous membranes
Pustule: intraepidermal or subepidermal vesicle or bullae filled with neutrophils
Scale: dry, horny, platelike excrescence usually due to imperfect cornification
Scale crust: parakeratotic debris, degenerating inflammatory cells and tissue exudate on surface of epidermis
Sinus: tract connecting cavities to each other or to the surface
Spongiosis: intraepidermal edema, causing splaying apart of keratinocytes in stratum spinosum (resembling a sponge), vesicles due to shearing of desmosomes
Ulceration: discontinuity of skin causing complete loss of epidermis and possible loss of dermis
Vesicle: fluid filed area, 5 mm or less
Wheal: itchy, transient, elevated area with variable blanching and erythema, due to dermal edema
