201510022321ATLS 9th edition 高級外傷救命術第九版 氣管內管壓力 兒童氣管內管的壓力，維持在 30mmHg 以下是安全的。 Pediatric Trauma Cuffed endotracheal tubes Previous concerns about cuffed endotracheal tubes causing tracheal necrosis are no longer relevant due to improvements in the design of the cuffs. Ideally, cuff pressure should be measured as soon as it is feasible and ,30mm Hg is considered safe. http://www.tmanh.org.tw/upload/file/A700/9th_Edition_Compendium_for_Update_FINAL.pdf

 2015

10022321ATLS 9th edition 高級外傷救命術第九版 氣管內管壓力 兒童

氣管內管的壓力，維持在 30mmHg 以下是安全的。

Pediatric Trauma

Cuffed endotracheal tubes

Previous concerns about cuffed endotracheal tubes causing tracheal necrosis are no longer relevant due to improvements in the design of the cuffs. Ideally, cuff pressure should be measured as soon as it is feasible and ,30mm Hg is considered safe. 

http://www.tmanh.org.tw/upload/file/A700/9th_Edition_Compendium_for_Update_FINAL.pdf

新冠病毒感染併發症(以嚴重肺炎或ARDS來定義)發生率

之前的數據顯示. 成人感染新冠病毒之後, 發生併發症機率小於 千分之三 (0.3%)
各種重症風險因子. 造成新冠感染併發症上升的比例各不相同. 



新型冠狀病毒SARS-CoV-2 感染臨床處置指引第二十三版.pdf
自 2022 年 1 月 1 日至 2023 年 3 月 14 日止，公布之 約 1010 萬例本土確診個案中，約 16%為 60 歲以上長者。依 WHO 嚴重度分類為嚴重肺 炎或 ARDS 之個案占 0.4%，其中約五成八為 60 歲以上長者。

如果以嚴重肺炎或ARDS, 來定義併發症. 用上面數據來倒推. 60歲以上感染者有 16%. 嚴重肺炎或ARDS的患者有 0.4% * 0.58= 0.232%
0.232/16= 1.45%
六十歲以上民眾, 罹患新冠病毒感染, 發生併發症機率 1.45%. 是一般人(0.4% )的 3.625倍