First‐line drugs for hypertension--001- Main result

2023-08-14 09:35AM
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PDF檔案 First‐line drugs for hypertension
sub-section Summary of findings 5

Main results:
Of 57 trials identified, 24 trials with 28 arms, including 58,040 patients met the inclusion criteria.

 
The 2017 updated search failed to identify any new trials. The original review identified 24 trials with 28 active treatment arms, including 58,040 patients. We found no RCTs for ARBs or alpha‐blockers. These results are mostly applicable to adult patients with moderate to severe primary hypertension. The mean age of participants was 56 years, and mean duration of follow‐up was three to five years.

High‐quality evidence showed that first‐line low‐dose thiazides reduced mortality (11.0% with control versus 9.8% with treatment; RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.97); total CVS (12.9% with control versus 9.0% with treatment; RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.76), stroke (6.2% with control versus 4.2% with treatment; RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.77), and coronary heart disease (3.9% with control versus 2.8% with treatment; RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.84).

Low‐ to moderate‐quality evidence showed that first‐line high‐dose thiazides reduced stroke (1.9% with control versus 0.9% with treatment; RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.61) and total CVS (5.1% with control versus 3.7% with treatment; RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.82), but did not reduce mortality (3.1% with control versus 2.8% with treatment; RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.05), or coronary heart disease (2.7% with control versus 2.7% with treatment; RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.20).

Low‐ to moderate‐quality evidence showed that first‐line beta‐blockers did not reduce mortality (6.2% with control versus 6.0% with treatment; RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.07) or coronary heart disease (4.4% with control versus 3.9% with treatment; RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.03), but reduced stroke (3.4% with control versus 2.8% with treatment; RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.97) and total CVS (7.6% with control versus 6.8% with treatment; RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98).

Low‐ to moderate‐quality evidence showed that first‐line ACE inhibitors reduced mortality (13.6% with control versus 11.3% with treatment; RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.95), stroke (6.0% with control versus 3.9% with treatment; RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.82), coronary heart disease (13.5% with control versus 11.0% with treatment; RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.94), and total CVS (20.1% with control versus 15.3% with treatment; RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.85).

Low‐quality evidence showed that first‐line calcium channel blockers reduced stroke (3.4% with control versus 1.9% with treatment; RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.84) and total CVS (8.0% with control versus 5.7% with treatment; RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.87), but not coronary heart disease (3.1% with control versus 2.4% with treatment; RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.09), or mortality (6.0% with control versus 5.1% with treatment; RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.09).

There was low‐quality evidence that withdrawals due to adverse effects were increased with first‐line low‐dose thiazides (5.0% with control versus 11.3% with treatment; RR 2.38, 95% CI 2.06 to 2.75), high‐dose thiazides (2.2% with control versus 9.8% with treatment; RR 4.48, 95% CI 3.83 to 5.24), and beta‐blockers (3.1% with control versus 14.4% with treatment; RR 4.59, 95% CI 4.11 to 5.13). No data for these outcomes were available for first‐line ACE inhibitors or calcium channel blockers. The blood pressure data were not used to assess the effect of the different classes of drugs as the data were heterogeneous, and the number of drugs used in the trials differed.

Authors' conclusions
First‐line low‐dose thiazides reduced all morbidity and mortality outcomes in adult patients with moderate to severe primary hypertension. First‐line ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers may be similarly effective, but the evidence was of lower quality. First‐line high‐dose thiazides and first‐line beta‐blockers were inferior to first‐line low‐dose thiazides.

Thiazides (19 RCTs) reduced mortality (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83, 0.96), stroke (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.57, 0.71), CHD (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75, 0.95) and CVS (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.66, 0.76).
Low-dose thiazides (8 RCTs) reduced CHD (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.61, 0.84), but high-dose thiazides (11 RCTs) did not (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85, 1.20).
Beta-blockers (5 RCTs) reduced stroke (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72, 0.97) and CVS (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81, 0.98) but not CHD (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.78, 1.03) or mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.86, 1.07).
ACE inhibitors (3 RCTs) reduced mortality (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72-0.95), stroke (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52-0.82), CHD (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.94) and CVS (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67-0.85).
Calcium-channel blocker (1 RCT) reduced stroke (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.41, 0.84) and CVS (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57, 0.87) but not CHD (RR 0.77 95% CI 0.55, 1.09) or mortality (RR 0.86 95% CI 0.68, 1.09). No RCTs were found for ARBs or alpha-blockers.

Summary of findings 5
First‐line calcium channel blocker compared to placebo for hypertension
First‐line calcium channel blocker (CCB) compared to placebo for hypertension
Patient or population: adult patients with primary hypertension
Setting: outpatient
Intervention: First‐line CCB (mean duration 2.5 years)
Comparison: placebo or untreated
Outcomes Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) Relative effect
(95% CI) № of participants
(studies) Quality of the evidence
(GRADE) Comments
Risk with Placebo Risk with CCB
Total mortality 60 per 1000 51 per 1000
(41 to 65) RR 0.86
(0.68 to 1.09) 4695
(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1,2 Not significant
Total stroke 34 per 1000 19 per 1000
(14 to 28) RR 0.58
(0.41 to 0.84) 4695
(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1,2 ARR = 1.5% NNTB = 67
Total coronary heart disease (CHD) 31 per 1000 24 per 1000
(17 to 34) RR 0.77
(0.55 to 1.09) 4695
(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1,2 Not significant
Total cardiovascular events 81 per 1000 57 per 1000
(46 to 70) RR 0.71
(0.57 to 0.87) 4695
(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1,2 ARR = 2.4% NNTB = 42
*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio; RCT: randomized controlled trial; ARR: Absolute risk reduction; ARI: Absolute risk increase; NNTB: Number