大多數膜翅目昆蟲螫傷都是自限性事件，無需治療即可在幾小時內消失。
蜂螫通常不需要就醫. 蜂螫處理有兩種重點
1. 止痛
2. 若發生過敏. 依照過敏症狀做治療(沒過敏的一般不需預防)
3. 可打破傷風疫苗. 但破傷風疫苗非必要性治療. 目前文獻上尚未有蜂螫造成破傷風感染的案例(uptodate寫的)
Hymenoptera stings 膜翅目螫傷
膜翅目中醫學上重要的類群是蜜蜂總科（蜜蜂）、胡蜂總科（黃蜂、黃蜂和黃蜂）和蟻科（螞蟻）。這些昆蟲會透過蜇傷受害者來釋放毒液。蜜蜂螫人後失去帶刺的毒刺並死亡。
黃蜂、大黃蜂和黃蜂可以螫人多次。
大多數與膜翅目昆蟲螫傷有關的死亡是直接過敏反應的結果，引起過敏反應。
大量中毒可導致非過敏個體死亡。
大多數哺乳動物的估計致死劑量約為 20 次/公斤。
膜翅目昆蟲螫傷的過敏反應不依賴劑量，也不與螫傷次數有關。
蜜蜂和黃蜂的毒液主要由蛋白質組成。相反，火蟻毒液 95% 是生物鹼。
(生物鹼種類超過兩千種以上,可以參考維基百科介紹)
昆蟲叮咬後可能會出現四種反應：局部反應、局部反應、全身過敏反應，以及較不常見的遲髮型超敏反應。
蜜蜂和黃蜂螫傷的臨床症狀包括螫傷部位出現紅斑、水腫和疼痛。
有時，動物會出現局部反應。
蜇傷後 10 分鐘內通常會出現危及生命的過敏症狀。
蜜蜂和黃蜂螫傷的診斷源自於潛在接觸史與相應臨床症狀的出現。
簡單的蜇傷（蜇傷）的治療包括保守治療（抗組織胺、冰或冷敷、外用利多卡因或皮質類固醇洗劑）。及時識別並開始治療對於成功處理膜翅目昆蟲蜇傷的過敏反應至關重要。
進口火蟻既咬又蜇，並且只有透過蜇刺才會產生毒液。輸入性紅火蟻螫傷後的過敏反應與蜜蜂和黃蜂螫傷後的過敏反應類似。
大多數膜翅目昆蟲螫傷都是自限性事件，無需治療即可在幾小時內消失。
由於危及生命的過敏反應可能會迅速進展，因此應密切監測和觀察所有被蜇傷的動物。在以下的綜述文章中，我們將探討被膜翅目蜇傷的狗和貓的來源和發病率、毒代動力學、病理病變、臨床症狀、診斷、治療和預後。無需治療即可在幾個小時內消失。由於危及生命的過敏反應可能會迅速進展，因此應密切監測和觀察所有被蜇傷的動物。在以下的綜述文章中，我們將探討被膜翅目蜇傷的狗和貓的來源和發病率、毒代動力學、病理病變、臨床症狀、診斷、治療和預後。無需治療即可在幾個小時內消失。由於危及生命的過敏反應可能會迅速進展，因此應密切監測和觀察所有被蜇傷的動物。在以下的綜述文章中，我們將探討被膜翅目蜇傷的狗和貓的來源和發病率、毒代動力學、病理病變、臨床症狀、診斷、治療和預後。
Kevin T Fitzgerald 1, Aryn A Flood Affiliations expandPMID: 17265905 DOI: 10.1053/j.ctsap.2006.10.002
Abstract
The medically important groups of Hymenoptera are the Apoidea (bees), Vespoidea (wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets), and Formicidae (ants). These insects deliver their venom by stinging their victims. Bees lose their barbed stinger after stinging and die. Wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets can sting multiple times. Most deaths related to Hymenoptera stings are the result of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, causing anaphylaxis. Massive envenomations can cause death in nonallergic individuals. The estimated lethal dose is approximately 20 stings/kg in most mammals. Anaphylactic reactions to Hymenoptera stings are not dose dependent or related to the number of stings. Bee and wasp venoms are made up primarily of protein. Conversely, fire ant venoms are 95% alkaloids. Four possible reactions are seen after insect stings: local reactions, regional reactions, systemic anaphylactic responses, and less commonly, delayed-type hypersensitivity. Clinical signs of bee and wasp stings include erythema, edema, and pain at the sting site. Occasionally, animals develop regional reactions. Onset of life-threatening, anaphylactic signs typically occur within 10 minutes of the sting. Diagnosis of bee and wasp stings stem from a history of potential contact matched with onset of appropriate clinical signs. Treatment of uncomplicated envenomations (stings) consists of conservative therapy (antihistamines, ice or cool compresses, topical lidocaine, or corticosteroid lotions). Prompt recognition and initiation of treatment is critical in successful management of anaphylactic reactions to hymenopteran stings. Imported fire ants both bite and sting, and envenomation only occurs through the sting. Anaphylaxis after imported fire ant stings is treated similarly to anaphylactic reactions after honeybee and vespid stings. The majority of Hymenopteran stings are self-limiting events, which resolve in a few hours without treatment. Because life-threatening anaphylactic reactions can progress rapidly, all animals stung should be closely monitored and observed. In the following review article, we will examine the sources and incidence, toxicokinetics, pathological lesions, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for dogs and cats suffering Hymenoptera stings.
1. 止痛
2. 若發生過敏. 依照過敏症狀做治療(沒過敏的一般不需預防)
3. 可打破傷風疫苗. 但破傷風疫苗非必要性治療. 目前文獻上尚未有蜂螫造成破傷風感染的案例(uptodate寫的)
Hymenoptera stings 膜翅目螫傷
膜翅目中醫學上重要的類群是蜜蜂總科（蜜蜂）、胡蜂總科（黃蜂、黃蜂和黃蜂）和蟻科（螞蟻）。這些昆蟲會透過蜇傷受害者來釋放毒液。蜜蜂螫人後失去帶刺的毒刺並死亡。
黃蜂、大黃蜂和黃蜂可以螫人多次。
大多數與膜翅目昆蟲螫傷有關的死亡是直接過敏反應的結果，引起過敏反應。
大量中毒可導致非過敏個體死亡。
大多數哺乳動物的估計致死劑量約為 20 次/公斤。
膜翅目昆蟲螫傷的過敏反應不依賴劑量，也不與螫傷次數有關。
蜜蜂和黃蜂的毒液主要由蛋白質組成。相反，火蟻毒液 95% 是生物鹼。
(生物鹼種類超過兩千種以上,可以參考維基百科介紹)
昆蟲叮咬後可能會出現四種反應：局部反應、局部反應、全身過敏反應，以及較不常見的遲髮型超敏反應。
蜜蜂和黃蜂螫傷的臨床症狀包括螫傷部位出現紅斑、水腫和疼痛。
有時，動物會出現局部反應。
蜇傷後 10 分鐘內通常會出現危及生命的過敏症狀。
蜜蜂和黃蜂螫傷的診斷源自於潛在接觸史與相應臨床症狀的出現。
簡單的蜇傷（蜇傷）的治療包括保守治療（抗組織胺、冰或冷敷、外用利多卡因或皮質類固醇洗劑）。及時識別並開始治療對於成功處理膜翅目昆蟲蜇傷的過敏反應至關重要。
進口火蟻既咬又蜇，並且只有透過蜇刺才會產生毒液。輸入性紅火蟻螫傷後的過敏反應與蜜蜂和黃蜂螫傷後的過敏反應類似。
大多數膜翅目昆蟲螫傷都是自限性事件，無需治療即可在幾小時內消失。
由於危及生命的過敏反應可能會迅速進展，因此應密切監測和觀察所有被蜇傷的動物。在以下的綜述文章中，我們將探討被膜翅目蜇傷的狗和貓的來源和發病率、毒代動力學、病理病變、臨床症狀、診斷、治療和預後。無需治療即可在幾個小時內消失。由於危及生命的過敏反應可能會迅速進展，因此應密切監測和觀察所有被蜇傷的動物。在以下的綜述文章中，我們將探討被膜翅目蜇傷的狗和貓的來源和發病率、毒代動力學、病理病變、臨床症狀、診斷、治療和預後。無需治療即可在幾個小時內消失。由於危及生命的過敏反應可能會迅速進展，因此應密切監測和觀察所有被蜇傷的動物。在以下的綜述文章中，我們將探討被膜翅目蜇傷的狗和貓的來源和發病率、毒代動力學、病理病變、臨床症狀、診斷、治療和預後。
Kevin T Fitzgerald 1, Aryn A Flood Affiliations expandPMID: 17265905 DOI: 10.1053/j.ctsap.2006.10.002
Abstract
The medically important groups of Hymenoptera are the Apoidea (bees), Vespoidea (wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets), and Formicidae (ants). These insects deliver their venom by stinging their victims. Bees lose their barbed stinger after stinging and die. Wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets can sting multiple times. Most deaths related to Hymenoptera stings are the result of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, causing anaphylaxis. Massive envenomations can cause death in nonallergic individuals. The estimated lethal dose is approximately 20 stings/kg in most mammals. Anaphylactic reactions to Hymenoptera stings are not dose dependent or related to the number of stings. Bee and wasp venoms are made up primarily of protein. Conversely, fire ant venoms are 95% alkaloids. Four possible reactions are seen after insect stings: local reactions, regional reactions, systemic anaphylactic responses, and less commonly, delayed-type hypersensitivity. Clinical signs of bee and wasp stings include erythema, edema, and pain at the sting site. Occasionally, animals develop regional reactions. Onset of life-threatening, anaphylactic signs typically occur within 10 minutes of the sting. Diagnosis of bee and wasp stings stem from a history of potential contact matched with onset of appropriate clinical signs. Treatment of uncomplicated envenomations (stings) consists of conservative therapy (antihistamines, ice or cool compresses, topical lidocaine, or corticosteroid lotions). Prompt recognition and initiation of treatment is critical in successful management of anaphylactic reactions to hymenopteran stings. Imported fire ants both bite and sting, and envenomation only occurs through the sting. Anaphylaxis after imported fire ant stings is treated similarly to anaphylactic reactions after honeybee and vespid stings. The majority of Hymenopteran stings are self-limiting events, which resolve in a few hours without treatment. Because life-threatening anaphylactic reactions can progress rapidly, all animals stung should be closely monitored and observed. In the following review article, we will examine the sources and incidence, toxicokinetics, pathological lesions, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for dogs and cats suffering Hymenoptera stings.
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