高血壓 高尿酸 慢性腎病 胰島素 https://2019medicinenote.blogspot.com/2019/12/blog-post_57.html . 糖尿病相關筆記~目錄 https://2019medicinenote.blogspot.com/2020/01/blog-post_4.html

2025年7月9日 星期三

野外與登山醫學-Frostbite: Acute care and prevention 凍瘡-名詞定義(frostbite; frostnip; warm ischemia time; immersion foot)

2025-07-10 08:58AM
另一篇相關筆記 浸足症-壕溝足
資料來源 uptodate Frostbite: Acute care and prevention

Frostnip 組織內無冰晶, 嚴重度較輕, 可能完全恢復
Ftostbite 組織內有冰晶. 嚴重度較高, 可能須清創或截肢

因寒冷造成血管收縮, 甚至皮膚表面結霜, 但組織內尚未出現冰晶, 這個階段有可能完全恢復不留下後遺症. 稱為 frostnip. 
更嚴重的情況. 凍傷部位組織內出現冰晶, 組織局部壞死, 需清創或截肢手術. 稱為 frostbite.

Pernio (chilblains) 這個詞很難翻譯., google 直接翻譯成凍瘡. 但這個並不是 frosbite或 frostnip. 是由暴露在潮濕寒冷但不到結冰溫度的環境, 而引起手腳紅腫發紫甚至起水泡. 通常2-3周內能完全恢復

壕溝足發生的環境主要是潮濕與低溫, 但溫度還不到達會結冰的低溫.

下面中文使用google中文翻譯, 原文的內容很多. 這裡僅節錄名詞定義與到院前處置的部分.
名詞定義
●Frostbite 凍瘡-組織凍結造成的局部冷損傷。(這段我自己加上的: 凍傷的組織內會出現冰晶, 可能發生永久性損傷, 例如截肢)
●Frostnip 凍傷 -皮膚因寒冷引起的嚴重血管收縮,皮膚表面結霜(冰晶)。組織中沒有冰。復溫後,凍傷消退,不會造成永久性組織損傷。
●熱缺血時間-從凍傷組織開始解凍到再灌注(即以血栓溶解或血管擴張劑治療)的時間。
●浸水足(「戰壕足」)-一種非凍傷性冷損傷 (NFCI),由足部長期暴露於潮濕和寒冷的環境中引起,也可能導致組織損失和長期後遺症。浸水足涉及足部交感神經和血管的損傷。足部,有時手部,可能會出現麻木或劇烈疼痛(圖 1 )。它最早在1914年第一次世界大戰的塹壕戰中被描述。過緊的靴子會加重病情。到1917年,足部衛生的改善,包括更好的靴子設計和頻繁更換襪子,使士兵的足部患病率大大降低。浸泡足不僅具有歷史意義,而且在1982年的福克蘭群島戰爭期間也是一個主要的醫療問題,至今仍然存在,尤其是在無家可歸的人群中[ 6,7 ]。
●Pernio ("chilblains") –一種非凍傷性冷損傷 (NFCI),其特徵是局部發炎性病變,可由急性或反覆暴露於寒冷(未達結冰溫度)潮濕的空氣中引起。症狀通常發生在受冷的數小時後 (可參考 MAYO CLINIC CHILBLAINS的說明)
病灶呈紅色或紫色,通常呈結節性,有時候會起水泡,通常非常疼痛或搔癢(圖片2 )。pernio 最常見於年輕女性,但所有年齡層的男性和女性都可能受累[ 8 ]。單次pernio 發作造成永久性損傷並不常見,症狀和徵兆通常會在2-3週內消退。

到院前處置
●盡快將患者轉移到溫暖的環境。盡可能覆蓋、墊上或夾住患處,以防止進一步暴露,最大程度地減少途中受傷。
●脫掉濕的或緊身的衣服和首飾。
●避免凍傷的腳部行走;這會加劇組織損傷。若撤離需要步行,請勿在行走前回溫。(最好有旁人協助移動,萬不得已需要自己走路,不要回溫患處)
●如果在接受最終治療之前凍傷組織有可能再次凍傷,請勿回溫。這會導致更嚴重的組織損傷。
●若嘗試院前保暖,可選擇的方法包括將患處放入溫水(不是熱水)或使用體溫保暖(例如,將凍傷的手指放在自己腋窩中)。
●不要摩擦凍傷部位以試圖使其回溫;這可能會導致進一步的組織損傷。
●避免使用爐灶或火來回溫凍傷組織。凍傷組織沒有知覺,有可能發生燒燙傷(應使用溫水回溫.避免乾式回溫)

DEFINITIONS
●Frostbite – A localized cold-induced injury caused by freezing of tissue.
●Frostnip – Cold-induced, severe vasoconstriction of the skin with frost (ice crystals) on the surface of the skin. There is no ice in the tissue. Frostnip resolves after rewarming without permanent tissue damage.
●Warm ischemia time – The time from the start of thawing frostbitten tissue to reperfusion (ie, treatment with thrombolysis or vasodilator).
●Immersion foot ("trench foot") – A nonfreezing cold injury (NFCI) that results from prolonged exposure of the feet to a combination of dampness and cold and may also cause tissue loss and long-term sequelae. Immersion foot involves injury to the sympathetic nerves and vasculature of the feet. Feet and occasionally hands can be numb or extremely painful (picture 1). It was first described in 1914 during World War I trench warfare. Tight-fitting boots exacerbate the condition. Improved foot hygiene, including better boot design and frequent sock changes, resulted in a much lower prevalence among soldiers by 1917. Not just of historical significance, immersion foot was a major medical issue during the Falklands War of 1982 and still occurs, especially among individuals experiencing homelessness [6,7].
●Pernio ("chilblains") – A form of NFCI characterized by localized inflammatory lesions that can result from acute or repetitive exposure to cold. Lesions are red or purple, often nodular, and are often very painful or pruritic (picture 2). Pernio is most common in young females, but males and females of all ages may be affected [8]. Permanent damage from a single episode of pernio is uncommon, with symptoms and signs generally resolving within two to three weeks.

Prehospital care

●Get the patient to a warm environment as soon as possible. Whenever possible, cover, pad or splint the affected area to prevent further exposure, minimizing injury en route.
●Remove wet or restrictive clothing and jewelry.
●Avoid walking on frostbitten feet; this can increase tissue damage. If walking is necessary for evacuation, do not rewarm the feet before walking.
●Do not rewarm frostbitten tissue if there is a possibility of refreezing before reaching definitive care. This will result in worse tissue damage.
●If prehospital warming is attempted, options include placing the affected area in warm (not hot) water or warming it using body heat (eg, placing frostbitten fingers in the axillae).
●Do not rub frostbitten areas in an attempt to rewarm them; this can cause further tissue damage.
●Avoid the use of stoves or fires to rewarm frostbitten tissue. Frostbitten tissue is insensate, allowing the possibility of burns [9,41,55].

腎臟超音波參考格式

開單日期:2025-05-09

腎臟科超音波 檢查報告單

Examination For :   HTN,CKD,Cr:1.31

1.Size  R’t : 5.5 cm  L’t : 9.51 cm

2.Cortical echogenecity  R’t : Severely elevated  L’t : Normal

3.Central Echo  R’t : Not dilated  L’t : Not dilated

4.Solid lesion  R’t : Several hyperechoic lesions with/without pAS  L’t : Nil

5.Cystic lesion  R’t : Nil  L’t : Nil 6.Urinary bladder   Smooth bladder wall

7.Impression   Right atrophied kidney and severe parenchymal renal disease

8.Suggestion   

9.Others

外科-手術及外傷的止血劑

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