HAPE典型發作在到達高海拔的第2-5天, 在這裡將幾篇看過的文獻資料都放上來. 大家引用的應該都是相同資料.
(筆記: High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE))
2013 Acute High-Altitude Illnesses (NEJM )
通常發生在海拔 3000 公尺以上, 兩天後 在海拔 2500-3000 公尺以下較罕發生
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema High-altitude pulmonary edema is characterized by loss of stamina, dyspnea, and dry cough with exertion, followed by dyspnea at rest, rales, cyanosis, cough, and pink, frothy sputum.13 Deterioration in gas exchange also increases the risk of high-altitude cerebral edema. This condition develops 2 or more days after exposure to altitudes above 3000 m and is rare in persons at altitudes below 2500 to 3000 m. The risk increases with increased altitude and faster ascent. For example, the incidence among persons with an unknown history of high-altitude pulmonary edema is 0.2% if they ascend to 4500 m in 4 days and 2% if they ascend to 5500 m in 7 days; the incidence increases to 6% and 15%, respectively, when these altitudes are reached within 1 to 2 days. The risk is further increased among persons with a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema (e.g., the risk of recurrence is 60% among persons who ascend to 4500 m in 2 days).14 The estimated mortality among persons with untreated highaltitude pulmonary edema is 50%. This disorder is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by exaggerated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and abnormally high pulmonary-artery pressure and capillary pressure.15 These high pressures lead to a noninflammatory and hemorrhagic alveolar capillary leak that secondarily may evoke an inflammatory response.16
2. 2022年 StatPerls: High Altitude Pulmonary Edema- Jacob D. Jensen; Andrew L. Vincent.
Author Information
Authors Jacob D. Jensen1; Andrew L. Vincent2.
Affiliations
1 OSF St Francis Med Center EM Residency
2 University of Illinois-Peoria 美國皮奥里亚(伊利诺伊州)大學
Last Update: May 1, 2022.
History and Physical
HAPE typically occurs 2 to 5 days after arrival at altitude. It has an insidious onset with a non-productive cough, decreased exercise tolerance, chest pain, and exertional dyspnea. Without treatment, it can progress to dyspnea at rest and severe exertional dyspnea. A cough may become productive of pink and frothy sputum or frank blood. The patient also may have rales or wheezes, central cyanosis, tachypnea, and/or tachycardia. SpO2 is often 10% less than expected for altitude, and the patient often will appear better than expected given their level of hypoxemia and SpO2 value, which typically resides around 40% to 70%.
下面這篇是印度的研究, 發表於 2012年 五月.
Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2012 May-Aug; 16(2): 59–62. doi: 10.4103/0019-5278.107066 PMCID: PMC3617508 PMID: 23580834
High altitude pulmonary edema-clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment
Swapnil J. Paralikar
CLINICAL FEATURES
HAPE presents within 2-5 days of arrival at high altitude. It is rarely observed below altitudes of 2500-3000 m and after 1 week of acclimatsation at a particular altitude.
2013 Acute High-Altitude Illnesses (NEJM )
通常發生在海拔 3000 公尺以上, 兩天後 在海拔 2500-3000 公尺以下較罕發生
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema High-altitude pulmonary edema is characterized by loss of stamina, dyspnea, and dry cough with exertion, followed by dyspnea at rest, rales, cyanosis, cough, and pink, frothy sputum.13 Deterioration in gas exchange also increases the risk of high-altitude cerebral edema. This condition develops 2 or more days after exposure to altitudes above 3000 m and is rare in persons at altitudes below 2500 to 3000 m. The risk increases with increased altitude and faster ascent. For example, the incidence among persons with an unknown history of high-altitude pulmonary edema is 0.2% if they ascend to 4500 m in 4 days and 2% if they ascend to 5500 m in 7 days; the incidence increases to 6% and 15%, respectively, when these altitudes are reached within 1 to 2 days. The risk is further increased among persons with a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema (e.g., the risk of recurrence is 60% among persons who ascend to 4500 m in 2 days).14 The estimated mortality among persons with untreated highaltitude pulmonary edema is 50%. This disorder is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by exaggerated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and abnormally high pulmonary-artery pressure and capillary pressure.15 These high pressures lead to a noninflammatory and hemorrhagic alveolar capillary leak that secondarily may evoke an inflammatory response.16
2. 2022年 StatPerls: High Altitude Pulmonary Edema- Jacob D. Jensen; Andrew L. Vincent.
Author Information
Authors Jacob D. Jensen1; Andrew L. Vincent2.
Affiliations
1 OSF St Francis Med Center EM Residency
2 University of Illinois-Peoria 美國皮奥里亚(伊利诺伊州)大學
Last Update: May 1, 2022.
History and Physical
HAPE typically occurs 2 to 5 days after arrival at altitude. It has an insidious onset with a non-productive cough, decreased exercise tolerance, chest pain, and exertional dyspnea. Without treatment, it can progress to dyspnea at rest and severe exertional dyspnea. A cough may become productive of pink and frothy sputum or frank blood. The patient also may have rales or wheezes, central cyanosis, tachypnea, and/or tachycardia. SpO2 is often 10% less than expected for altitude, and the patient often will appear better than expected given their level of hypoxemia and SpO2 value, which typically resides around 40% to 70%.
下面這篇是印度的研究, 發表於 2012年 五月.
Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2012 May-Aug; 16(2): 59–62. doi: 10.4103/0019-5278.107066 PMCID: PMC3617508 PMID: 23580834
High altitude pulmonary edema-clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment
Swapnil J. Paralikar
CLINICAL FEATURES
HAPE presents within 2-5 days of arrival at high altitude. It is rarely observed below altitudes of 2500-3000 m and after 1 week of acclimatsation at a particular altitude.
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