止血帶參考資料很多. 放一起感覺文章太龐大. 所以拆成四篇文章
下面資料引用自 WMS 2014年指引. 僅列出止血帶的內容
Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for Basic Wound Management in the Austere Environment
Tourniquet basics
止血帶寬度至少四公分，可以持續打兩小時，不需要一直鬆開，不需要間隔性讓血流稍微流向缺血的肢體，如果一條止血帶效果不理想，直接在近心部位，靠著第一條止血帶附近，再打第二條止血帶，要讓動脈完全不流血為止，打上止血帶之後，可以儘速將傷患脫離現場，或進一步使用其他方式止血。如果止血了，可以鬆掉止血帶，如果再次流血，重新綁上止血帶，肢體通常可以承受很長的缺血時間，多數人的肢體可以承受缺血六小時之久，雖然有個體差異，但兩小時缺血時間，並不會增加殘障機率（不會增加截肢機率），間隔性容許肢體有微量血流，並不會增加肢體保存的成功率。
A tourniquet can be placed for up to 2 hours with minimal risk of complication.38, 39, 40 A tourniquet must have a width sufficient to obstruct blood flow. The minimum acceptable width is 4 cm (1.5 inches). If placement of a tourniquet fails to control bleeding, a second tourniquet should be placed immediately adjacent and proximal to the first, effectively increasing the tourniquet width and its effectiveness. The tourniquet must have a windlass device of some sort; otherwise sufficient force to overcome arterial pressure cannot be developed. A standard belt cannot be used as a tourniquet because it cannot be pulled tight enough to occlude arterial flow. A tourniquet must always be applied with sufficient force to occlude arterial pressure, which can be confirmed by the absence of distal pulses after proper application.41 Failure to do so, occluding only venous pressure, can increase bleeding.42 When used as a stopgap technique, the tourniquet is applied immediately to control bleeding. The injured individual can then be moved or further treated until a proper dressing can be applied. Once this dressing is in place, the tourniquet can be released. If there is no further bleeding, the tourniquet is no longer required. If bleeding recurs, the tourniquet can be tensioned again to regain control of bleeding. A tourniquet that has been left on for longer than 2 hours should remain in place until definitive medical evaluation occurs.43 There is no utility in the old recommendation of releasing a tourniquet every so often to allow a “little perfusion” to occur. Bleeding is either controlled in the first 2 hours or not. There are many cases of limb salvage with prolonged tourniquet times, or secondary to other reasons for lack of limb perfusion. Although individual variation exists, most limbs can tolerate up to 6 hours of ischemia time. After 2 hours of tourniquet time there is no evidence that the rate of limb salvage is improved with intermittent perfusion.42, 43
Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for Basic Wound Management in the Austere Environment
Tourniquet basics
止血帶寬度至少四公分，可以持續打兩小時，不需要一直鬆開，不需要間隔性讓血流稍微流向缺血的肢體，如果一條止血帶效果不理想，直接在近心部位，靠著第一條止血帶附近，再打第二條止血帶，要讓動脈完全不流血為止，打上止血帶之後，可以儘速將傷患脫離現場，或進一步使用其他方式止血。如果止血了，可以鬆掉止血帶，如果再次流血，重新綁上止血帶，肢體通常可以承受很長的缺血時間，多數人的肢體可以承受缺血六小時之久，雖然有個體差異，但兩小時缺血時間，並不會增加殘障機率（不會增加截肢機率），間隔性容許肢體有微量血流，並不會增加肢體保存的成功率。
A tourniquet can be placed for up to 2 hours with minimal risk of complication.38, 39, 40 A tourniquet must have a width sufficient to obstruct blood flow. The minimum acceptable width is 4 cm (1.5 inches). If placement of a tourniquet fails to control bleeding, a second tourniquet should be placed immediately adjacent and proximal to the first, effectively increasing the tourniquet width and its effectiveness. The tourniquet must have a windlass device of some sort; otherwise sufficient force to overcome arterial pressure cannot be developed. A standard belt cannot be used as a tourniquet because it cannot be pulled tight enough to occlude arterial flow. A tourniquet must always be applied with sufficient force to occlude arterial pressure, which can be confirmed by the absence of distal pulses after proper application.41 Failure to do so, occluding only venous pressure, can increase bleeding.42 When used as a stopgap technique, the tourniquet is applied immediately to control bleeding. The injured individual can then be moved or further treated until a proper dressing can be applied. Once this dressing is in place, the tourniquet can be released. If there is no further bleeding, the tourniquet is no longer required. If bleeding recurs, the tourniquet can be tensioned again to regain control of bleeding. A tourniquet that has been left on for longer than 2 hours should remain in place until definitive medical evaluation occurs.43 There is no utility in the old recommendation of releasing a tourniquet every so often to allow a “little perfusion” to occur. Bleeding is either controlled in the first 2 hours or not. There are many cases of limb salvage with prolonged tourniquet times, or secondary to other reasons for lack of limb perfusion. Although individual variation exists, most limbs can tolerate up to 6 hours of ischemia time. After 2 hours of tourniquet time there is no evidence that the rate of limb salvage is improved with intermittent perfusion.42, 43
